Montanism was another early Christian “heresy” that proved popular in parts of Anatolia (i.e. modern Turkey) and later in other parts of the Roman Empire. It taught that the Holy Spirit was continuing to give new revelation through Montanus and two female colleagues, and that Jesus would soon bring the New Jerusalem to a place in Phrygia. Montanism was condemned by the early Christian church around the year 177 AD, when bishops in Asia Minor excommunicated its followers due to their beliefs and practices, which were seen as heretical. The movement continued to face opposition and was formally declared heretical by church councils in the following centuries. Tertullian is believed to have joined the Montanist sect later in his life, although there is debate among scholars about whether he completely separated from the orthodox Church or remained a proto-orthodox Christian. His writings show a strong admiration for Montanism and its teachings, particularly regarding prophecy and church discipline.

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